S-11: Lineage, Inc. Files for Initial Public Offering, Aiming to Transform the Global Food Supply Chain

• Lineage, Inc. is the world's largest temperature-controlled warehouse REIT, offering storage, handling, and movement solutions for food products.
• The company operates 482 warehouses globally, totaling over 84.1 million square feet and 3.0 billion cubic feet of capacity.
• Lineage serves over 13,000 customers, including major food retailers, manufacturers, processors, and distributors.
• For the twelve months ended March 31, 2024, Lineage generated $5.3 billion in revenue, a net loss of $162.8 million, $1.8 billion in NOI, and $1.3 billion in Adjusted EBITDA.
• The company operates through two segments: global warehousing and global integrated solutions.
• Lineage has invested over $725 million in technology since 2019 to enhance customer value and operational efficiency.
• The company aims to reduce food waste in the supply chain and promote sustainability.
• Lineage plans to use the IPO proceeds to repay a $2.4 billion delayed-draw term loan and for general corporate purposes.
• After the IPO, affiliates of Bay Grove Capital Group, LLC will retain majority voting power.

Score: 7

Explanation: While the company reports a net loss, the overall sentiment is positive due to Lineage's leading market position, growth potential in a growing industry, significant investments in technology, and a clear strategy for future expansion. The IPO is viewed as a strategic step to fuel further growth and access lower cost of capital.

• Lineage is the world's largest temperature-controlled warehouse REIT, providing a significant scale advantage.
• The company has a diversified customer base of over 13,000, with no single customer accounting for more than 3.3% of revenue.
• Lineage's portfolio includes 81 automated warehouses, offering advanced technology and efficiency.
• The company has a strong track record of growth, with a 12% NOI CAGR from acquisitions between 2011 and 2021.
• Lineage is committed to sustainability, aiming for net-zero carbon emissions by 2040.
• The company has a flexible balance sheet and access to capital, with a pro forma liquidity of $ billion as of March 31, 2024.

• Lineage reported a net loss of $162.8 million for the twelve months ended March 31, 2024.
• The company's geographic concentration in certain areas exposes it to local market risks.
• The short-term nature of many customer contracts and lack of minimum storage guarantees create revenue volatility.
• Lineage's integrated solutions business is dependent on the performance of its warehousing segment.
• The company has significant indebtedness, totaling $9.3 billion as of March 31, 2024.
• Lineage will be a controlled company after the IPO, limiting shareholder influence.

• Economic downturns in the temperature-controlled warehouse industry or the markets for customer products could negatively impact Lineage's business.
• Geographic concentration of warehouses makes the company vulnerable to localized disruptions.
• Global market and economic conditions, including inflation, labor shortages, and supply chain disruptions, could adversely affect Lineage.
• Expansion and development activities involve risks that could lead to lower than expected returns.
• Dependence on Bay Grove for transition services creates a risk if those services are difficult to replace.
• Cybersecurity breaches and IT system failures could disrupt operations.
• International operations expose Lineage to currency fluctuations, political instability, and regulatory changes.
• Competition in the cold storage market could increase, impacting profitability.
• Power cost increases and volatility could affect operating expenses.
• Dependence on key personnel creates a risk if they leave the company.
• Environmental liabilities related to asbestos, ammonia, and other chemicals could lead to significant costs.
• Climate change-related risks, including extreme weather events and regulatory changes, could negatively impact operations.
• The company's significant indebtedness and potential interest rate increases could impact financial performance.
• The fragmented nature of the cold storage market makes acquisitions crucial for growth, but integration challenges and competition for suitable targets pose risks.
• As a newly public company, Lineage lacks experience operating as a public REIT and complying with related regulations.

Lineage expects to list its common stock on the Nasdaq Global Select Market. The company plans to continue its growth strategy, focusing on organic growth within existing facilities, greenfield and expansion development projects, and strategic acquisitions. Lineage aims to leverage technology and automation to enhance efficiency and customer value, while also prioritizing sustainability and reducing food waste.

• Our IPO is the opposite of an exit; it is a new beginning.
• The public market is the best way to deliver growth at scale by providing us with the advantages of a liquid currency and direct access to a lower cost of capital.
• Our focus is on building Lineage into the most dynamic and durable company it can be.
• We are still in the very early innings of a long, successful journey.
• We believe that cold storage is an attractive, growing and durable industry that plays a mission-critical role in the food supply chain.

The temperature-controlled warehousing industry is experiencing growth driven by increasing demand for frozen and fresh foods, ongoing trends in consumer preferences, online grocery adoption, and the need to replace obsolete infrastructure. The market is fragmented, with the top ten operators representing only 23.5% of global capacity. Consolidation is expected to continue as larger operators leverage technology and data science for competitive advantage. Barriers to entry remain high due to significant construction costs and the specialized nature of cold storage facilities.

• Lineage is significantly larger than its next largest competitor globally, with twice the cubic feet of storage space.
• The company's same warehouse NOI growth rates in 2022 and 2023 (12.7% and 15.3%, respectively) compare favorably to its largest competitor.
• Lineage's same warehouse NOI margins are also higher than its largest publicly traded competitor.
• The company's portfolio has a younger weighted average age (21 years) compared to its largest publicly traded peer and the broader industry average (28 years).
• Lineage has a larger number of facilities in key U.S. metropolitan areas and ports compared to its largest competitor, resulting in a higher weighted average population density (3,100 persons per square mile).

• Shareholders will experience dilution of net tangible book value per share.
• Existing shareholders, including Bay Grove and its affiliates, will benefit from the IPO through increased liquidity and potential appreciation of their shares.
• New shareholders will gain ownership in a leading global REIT with growth potential.
• Employees will have the opportunity to participate in a broad-based equity plan as part of the IPO.
• Customers will benefit from Lineage's continued investments in technology, automation, and expanded service offerings.
• Communities will benefit from Lineage's philanthropic efforts, including the Lineage Foundation for Good and its Share a Meal campaign.

• Listing the common stock on the Nasdaq Global Select Market under the symbol 'LINE'.
• Using the IPO proceeds to repay the $2.4 billion delayed-draw term loan and for general corporate purposes.
• Continuing the company's growth strategy through organic initiatives, development projects, and acquisitions.
• Further integrating technology and automation across the warehouse network.
• Expanding the use of minimum storage guarantees to improve economic occupancy and revenue predictability.
• Implementing cost containment measures, particularly in labor and energy.
• Continuing sustainability initiatives, including achieving net-zero carbon emissions by 2040.

• Litigation is ongoing regarding a 2020 incident at a warehouse in Statesville, North Carolina, involving the release of anhydrous ammonia.

• Bay Grove, an entity controlled by the Co-Founders, provides operating services to Lineage and holds equity interests in the company.
• Affiliates of Bay Grove will continue to hold a majority of the voting power after the IPO.
• Lineage has entered into various agreements with Bay Grove, including an operating services agreement, a transition services agreement, and a registration rights agreement.
• Lineage has made distributions to Bay Grove and its affiliates in respect of their equity ownership and service agreements.
• Certain Lineage executives and directors have equity interests in Bay Grove and its affiliates.
• Lineage has provided loans to the Co-Founders and certain executives.
• Lineage has repurchased equity interests from certain executives and will redeem outstanding Series A preferred stock held by BGLH, an affiliate of Bay Grove.
• Lineage Holdings will enter into an expense reimbursement and indemnification agreement with Bay Grove, BGLH, and the LHR.
• The company has a directed share program that allows certain related parties to purchase shares at the IPO price.

• December 31, 2020: Lineage elected to be taxed as a REIT commencing with this taxable year.
• June 26, 2024: Date of S-11 filing with the SEC.
• March 1, 2025: Start of 45-day window for holders of Legacy Class A-4 OP Units to exercise special redemption rights.